THE OCEAN DEEP

A Fringing reef is a kind of coral reef, that is located in the tropics generally immediately near the shoreline. This type of coral reef is the most common type of reef that is found. This type of reef grows the best on some kind of hard surface, so it preferentially grows on areas with rocky bottoms. They may also grow on softer bottoms as well if there are some hard areas. Fringing reefs grow as a thin strip along the shore at a rate of about 2 to 7mm per year. It is Darwin’s belief that fringing reefs are the first kind of reefs to form around a landmass in a long-term reef growth process. Sometimes it is hard to tell the difference between fringing reefs and another type of reef called a barrier reef. One of the ways that these two types of reefs are separated is based on the depth of the lagoon in the back reef which is the area near to shore. If the water in the lagoon is less than 10m deep it is a fringing reef. Another major difference is that barrier reefs tend to be farther away from shore than fringing reefs and have a larger lagoon. There are two main components that make up a fringing reef, the reef flat and the reef slope. Reef Flat : The reef flat is the flat, broadest area of the reef. This area is found in fairly shallow water, and is at some points in time uncovered during low tide. This area of the reef is only slightly sloped towards the open ocean. Due to this part of the reef being found adjacent or nearly adjacent to land it maintains the most damage from freshwater runoff and sediments. Based on this there is few living corals found here, though there are some. Located on this flat area are often such things as seagrasses, seaweeds soft corals.Reef Slope (Fore reef) : The reef slope is found at the outer edge of the fringing reef, closest to the open ocean. This area of the reef is often quite steep and may even be a straight vertical drop to the bottom of the ocean. There is much more abundant coral growth found on this slope as well as a greater number of different species than are found on the reef flat. This is mostly because there is not much affect felt in this part of the reef from freshwater runoff and sediments, unlike the flat which is nearer to the shore. This area of the reef also benefits and has much more growth due to waves which carry nutrients to this area and take away sediments that could harm the corals. The upper portion of this slope is called the reef crest. In this area the corals grow the best since it is closest to the surface and gets the most sunlight. The base of the slope which receives the least sunlight has the least growth out of the whole slope.

Coral reefs are aragonite structures produced by living organisms. In most reefs the predominant organisms are colonial cnidarians that secrete an exoskeleton of calcium carbonate. The accumulation of this skeletal material, broken and piled up by wave action and bioeroders, produces massive calcareous formations that make ideal habitats for living corals and a great variety of other animal and plant life. Coral reefs are estimated to cover 284,300 square kilometres, with the Indo-Pacific region (including the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia and the Pacific) accounting for 91.9% of the total. Southeast Asia accounts for 32.3% of that figure, while the Pacific including Australia accounts for 40.8%. Atlantic and Caribbean coral reefs only account for 7.6% of the world total. Coral reefs are either restricted or absent from the west coast of the Americas, as well as the west coast of Africa. This is due primarily to upwelling and strong cold coastal currents that reduce water temperatures in these areas. Corals are also restricted from off the coastline of South Asia from Pakistan to Bangladesh. They are also restricted along the coast around north-eastern South America and Bangladesh due to the release of vast quantities of freshwater from the Amazon and Ganges Rivers respectively. Although corals are found in temperate and tropical waters, shallow-water reefs are formed only in a zone extending at most from 30°N to 30°S of the equator. This zone is very important to whales because many types of plankton live there. Tropical corals do not grow at depths of over 50 m (165 ft). Temperature has less of an effect on the distribution of tropical coral, but it is generally accepted that they do not exist in waters below 18 °C, and that the optimum temperature is 26-27 °C for most coral reefs. The reefs in the Persian gulf however have coral adapted to changing temperatures of 13 °C in winter and 38 °C in summer, thus having significantly colder and hotter ambient environments respectively than most coral reefs. Also, deep water coral is more exceptional still as it can exist at greater depths and colder temperatures. Although deep water corals also form reefs, very little is known about them.

Prawn is animal living in water territory, especially river and also sea or lake. Detectable prawn in most all " pond" king sized water either freshwater, brackish water, and also brine at depth varies, near from finite surface some thousand metre below (under surface. Prawn usualy is made seafood (seafood). crustaceae recognized by the name " prawn". For example mantissa shrimp and mysid shrimp, both coming from class Malacostraca as real prawn, but coming from order to differ in, that is Stomatopoda and Mysidaceae. Triops longicaudatus and Triops cancriformis also is popular animal in freshwater, and often is called as prawn, although they come from Notostraca, group that is is not berhubunganUdang became adult and lays eggs only in sea-water habitat. Solvent female of egg 50000 finite of 1 million eggs, which will hatch after 24 hours to become larva ( nauplius). Nauplius then having metamorphosis enters second phase that is zoea ( plural of zoeae). Zoea eats wild algae. After a few days is having metamorphosis again becomes mysis ( plural of myses). Mysis eats algae and zooplankton. After three to four days then they are having metamorphosis last enters phase postlarvae: young prawn which has owned adult animal marking. All process eats time around 12 days from first time hatchs. At this phase, conducting prawn ready for commercialized, and conceived of fry.In wild nature, postlarvae then migration to estuari, a real rich nutrition would and having salinity low. Over there they growed and sometimes migration again to open water where they became adult. Adult prawn is animal bentik which mainly lives in sea floor.